Biología en la sangre: avances en biomarcadores plasmáticos para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63969/141q5f06Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Alzheimer, biomarcadores plasmáticos, Aβ42/40, tau fosforilada, medicina de precisiónResumen
El desarrollo de biomarcadores plasmáticos ha revolucionado el diagnóstico biológico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), al permitir una detección más temprana y menos invasiva de los procesos neuropatológicos subyacentes. El presente trabajo describe la relevancia de los principales biomarcadores plasmáticos -Aβ42/40, p-tau, NfL, GFAP y ApoE- dentro del marco A/T/N del NIA-AA, así como su potencial integración en la práctica clínica para la evaluación y el seguimiento de la EA. El cociente Aβ42/40 refleja con alta sensibilidad la carga amiloide cerebral, mientras que las isoformas p-tau181 y p-tau217 indican la propagación de la patología tau. Los biomarcadores NfL y GFAP complementan este perfil al evidenciar daño neuronal y activación glial. La apolipoproteína E (ApoE), además de su función en el metabolismo lipídico cerebral, modula la expresión y dinámica de los demás marcadores, integrando los procesos de acumulación amiloide, fosforilación de tau e inflamación neuroglial. La combinación de biomarcadores plasmáticos bajo el esquema A/T/N representa una herramienta diagnóstica de gran valor, que favorece un enfoque de medicina personalizada en la EA. Su implementación progresiva en entornos clínicos permitirá mejorar la detección precoz, la estratificación del riesgo y la monitorización terapéutica, consolidando la transición hacia un modelo diagnóstico basado en la biología de la enfermedad.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Alfredo Ibarra-Sánchez, Claudia Soto-Félix, Leticia Cano-Barraza, Delia Barraza-Sámano (Autor/a)
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