Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Education for Formative Assessment: Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for Educators

Abstract

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has transformed formative assessment processes, offering the possibility of faster, more personalised, and data-driven feedback, which enabled a more precise identification of difficulties and monitoring of student progress. Tools such as intelligent tutors, adaptive platforms, and data analytics systems have demonstrated potential to optimise pedagogical decision-making and personalise the learning experience, although their effectiveness depended on the level of teacher preparation and the available technological infrastructure. In the educational contexts of Mexico and Colombia, the adoption of these technologies has been uneven, revealing technological gaps, educational inequalities, and regulatory limitations that constrain their implementation. At the same time, challenges emerged concerning algorithmic transparency, data validity, and the need for teachers to critically understand and utilise these tools. The systematic analysis of the literature, conducted using the PRISMA method, consolidated evidence on the benefits, risks, and challenges of AI in formative assessment, providing a comprehensive overview of its pedagogical implications. This approach highlighted the importance of balancing technological innovation with ethics, equity, and teacher autonomy to maximise the positive impact on the region’s educational systems.