Positive Psychology and Resilience: Protective Factors Against Stress and Adversity

Abstract

Positive psychology and resilience constitute fundamental approaches to strengthening the capacity of individuals and communities to cope with stress and adversity, especially in contexts such as Ecuador, Mexico, and Panama, where social, economic, and environmental challenges are significant. These approaches promote the development of protective factors that not only enable individuals to withstand difficulties but also to grow from them, fostering psychological and social well-being. Resilience is understood as a dynamic process involving effective adaptation and recovery from traumatic or stressful situations, relying on individual skills, social networks, and community resources. Positive emotions, optimism, self-efficacy, and gratitude act as buffers against stress and enhance emotional recovery. Likewise, social support and strong interpersonal relationships provide emotional containment and practical resources that facilitate adaptation. The application of these concepts requires appropriate cultural contextualisation to ensure their relevance and effectiveness within the populations studied. The implementation of preventive and educational programmes that develop emotional skills and socio-emotional competencies from an early age is key to mitigating the negative impact of stress and promoting comprehensive and sustainable well-being. Together, positive psychology and resilience offer a valuable framework to address mental health challenges in the region, favouring healthier, more adaptive, and resilient populations in the face of adversity.